RESUMEN
Disease surveillance of marine mammal populations is essential to understand the causes of strandings, identify potential threats to animal health, and to support development of conservation strategies. Here we report the first large multi-pathogen screening of prevalence for viruses, bacteria and parasites in a sample of 177 live, healthy, wild Caspian seals (Pusa caspica), captured and released during satellite telemetry studies 2007-2017. Employing molecular and serological assays we assess prevalence of pathogens known to be of significance for marine mammal health worldwide, and evaluate the results in relation to Caspian seal health and conservation. RT-PCR, and PCR assays find evidence for infection by Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Phocine herpes virus, phocine adenovirus and Influenza A at prevalences of 5%, 6.4%, 21.7%, and 4% respectively. The genomes of CDV isolates collected in 2008 showed 99.59% identity with the 2000 Caspian seal CDV epizootic strain. A partial coding sequence for the Us2 gene from the Caspian seal herpes virus was identical to PhHV-1 isolate PB84, previously reported from a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), while amplicon sequences for the adenovirus polymerase gene indicated a novel strain. ELISA assays detected exposure to Influenza A (55% of tested samples), adenovirus (25%), coronavirus (6%), CDV (8%), herpes virus (94%), Toxoplasma gondii (2.6%) and heartworm (1%). Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests detected exposure to Influenza B at a prevalence of 20%, and Leptospira microscopic agglutination tests detected suspected exposure to Leptospira serovars in 9% of tested samples. Overall, the risks, profile and prevalence of pathogens in Caspian seals appear comparable to other wild phocid seal populations. Our results suggest Caspian seals have exposure pathways to pathogens with epizootic potential or ability to cause significant morbidity, and that disease impacts could reduce the resilience of the population to other conservation threats. Caspian seals are listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and we recommend that resources are invested to support further surveillance programs and to understand how anthropogenic pressures may influence future disease risks. A translated version of this is available in Russian and Kazakh in the Supplementary Material (Presentation 1 and Presentation 2)
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Clinical studies and meta-analyzes have shown that reduced levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood contribute to impaired immunity and stimulate excessive inflammation that adversely affects the health of children: The risk of developing bronchial asthma, obstructive bronchitis, and allergic rhinitis increases. AIM: The main purpose of this review is to summarize the present literature data on the relationship between Vitamin D, VRI, and other infectious diseases with a clinical example. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive analysis was carried out under Vitamin D in respiratory viral infection and other diseases. RESULTS: The results of fundamental research allow us to assert that Vitamin D is fundamentally necessary for maintaining the normal physiological functioning of the immune system. CONCLUSION: Clinical studies and meta-analyzes have shown that reduced levels of 25 (OH) E in the blood contribute to impaired immunity and stimulate excessive inflammation, which adversely affects the health of children: The risk of developing bronchial asthma, obstructive bronchitis, and allergic rhinitis increases. © 2021 S. B. Dyussenova, M. Y. Gordiyenko, M. S. Askarov, G. K. Tuleuova, S. B. Suleimenova, G. S. Khussainova, B. I. Abisheva.